Students Guide

Student 14-16 Guide Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Aims and objectives Business ownership Culture Direct selling Ethics Factors of Production Growth Higher grades Insolvency Job advertisement Kellogg and the product life cycle Logistics Marketing mix New product development Organisational functions Pre-issued Case Studies Quantitative and Qualitative market research Recruitment Stakeholders Training Unseen Case Studies View all the latest www. tt100. biz Xchange ideas You ZZZZZZZzzzzz 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Listings Visit www. tt100. biz for Case Studies on these topics from the following organisations. Aims and objectives Effective workplaces Aims, objectives and values Enterprising managers Ansoff’s matrix Ethical supply chain Corporate Social Responsibility Ethics Customer service Factors of Production Developing new fuels Inclusion For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 3 Listings Liability Ownership Market research PESTLE/SLEPT analysis Meeting changing needs Product portfolio Meeting customers’ needs Quality Mutuals Re-branding New product development Recruitment and selection Organisational structures Recruitment, selection and training 4 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Listings Recruitment, selection and training Sustainability Re-positioning The sales function Roles of departments Total quality management Segmentation and customer needs Training Stakeholders Training for growth Support for business Unions For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 5 A Aims and objectives Aims are the overall goals that a business seeks to achieve. Aims can be broken down into objectives. Usually, objectives are more precise than aims. Because the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) and the Department of Health sponsor the National Healthy Schools Programme (NHSP), they are responsible for shaping its aims and objectives. The Programme’s key aims are to: 1. raise levels of achievement across the school population 2. reduce health inequality 3. promote social inclusion. (Social inclusion is an approach that includes all members of a society rather than excluding already disadvantaged individuals and groups. ) Ideally all aims and objectives should be SMART. Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic (or relevant) Time related. Check the website to see what this means with a practical example – The National Healthy Schools Programme. 6 To find out more about aims and objectives check out www. tt100. biz/hda Business ownership B There are a number of different types of business ownership: Sole Traders – are owned and controlled by one person who is responsible for providing all the capital and running of the business with unlimited liability. Partnership – two or more people form a business and share responsibility and costs. They also have unlimited liability. Private Limited Companies – are owned by an individual or a small number of people. Public Limited Companies – owned by shareholders but the shares are open for anyone to buy on the stock exchange. Mutuals – organisations where the owners are also their customers, Nationwide is a Mutual. This brings certain advantages. BUILDING SOCIETIES Members BANKS Shareholders Charge less to borrowers and pay more to savers Charge more to borrowers and pay less to savers Top Tip Ownership always appears in examinations. Make sure you know the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of ownership. In particular, you’ll need to remember what liability means. Liability means being responsible for paying the company’s debts. It can be â€Å"limited† when it is restricted to the amount invested or â€Å"unlimited† where all personal assets can be used to pay off a company’s debts. To read this Case Study and more on Nationwide log on to www. tt100. biz/nationwide 7 C Culture ‘Culture’ describes the typical way an organisation does things, including patterns of behaviour and relationships. Important aspects of culture at Coca-Cola Great Britain are an emphasis on teamwork and empowerment. This reflects the culture of The Coca-Cola Company as a whole. By creating a friendly, innovative culture, Coca-Cola Great Britain is able to depend on a high quality workforce. This helps it to maintain brand leadership in Great Britain and in every other market in which it operates. Top Fact The Coca-Cola Company owns or licences nearly 400 brands in non-alcoholic beverages serving consumers in over 200 countries. ‘Coca-Cola', ‘Coke' and the design of the ‘Coca-Cola' Contour Bottle are registered trade marks of The Coca-Cola Company. 8 To find out more about organisational structures visit www. tt100. biz/culture Direct selling D This is where an organisation deals direct with consumers in their homes or by phone or mail. Amway is one of the world’s largest direct sales companies. It works with around 3 million Independent Business Owners (IBOs) in more than 80 countries. IBOs are usually individuals running an enterprise selling goods. These IBOs are the link between Amway and the final consumer. They are also Amway’s links with citizens and communities across the globe. As a direct selling company, they sell products directly to consumers and bypass the traditional ‘high street’. In the UK Amway distributes a variety of products: Personal Care Skin Care & Colour Cosmetics Durables Nutrition and Wellness Catalogue Items Home Care Fragrances, body care and hair care products A range of skincare and colour cosmetics, Cookware and water treatment systems Food supplements, food and drinks Third party electrical goods Laundry, cleaning, and car care products For more detail on direct selling go to www. tt100. biz/amway 9 E Ethics Ethics are moral principles that affect the way in which an individual or a business behaves. A simple way of looking at ethics is to consider what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and select the ‘right’ option. Ethical companies do the right thing and concern themselves with the long term. Research shows Vodafone’s strong position. Stakeholders perceptions of Vodafone’s CSR Performance Competitor 1 Public 25% Opinion 10% formers Competitor 2 Public 29% The graph shows how Vodafone is perceived in comparison with other operators with regard to how seriously it takes its responsibilities to society and the environment. Groups of opinion formers and members of the public were asked:â€Å"How seriously do you think company X takes its responsibilities to society and the environment? The percentages show the number Insert graph Pg 2 Col ‘very of respondents replying 1 Para 2 seriously’ or ‘fairly seriously’. Opinion 14% formers Competitor 3 Public 23% Opinion 5% formers Vodafone Public 27% Opinion 33% formers Testing Times How can being ethical benefit an organisation like Vodafone? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/student For further explanation of e thics go online to 10 www. tt100. biz/vodafone Factors of Production F Land, Labour, Capital and Enterprise are the factors of production. Suppose you wanted to start a business. What would you need? First, you would have to decide what products your business would offer. This decision would influence your view on what premises (or land) you needed, the kind of machinery required and the type of labour to be employed. In addition, you would need to find the money (capital) to pay for setting up all these things. Above all, however, you would need organisational skills. In business terms an ability to organise, together Product Capital with a willingness to take Land or Enterprise Labour risks in pursuit of financial Service returns, is called enterprise. Some would consider enterprise to be the most important of the four factors of production, as poorly run businesses rarely survive for long. Land Securities is a property company. One of its main activities is renting out the buildings it owns. Testing Times Factors of production is a regular question on examination papers. Log on to get a detailed explanation of each of the factors of production and how Land Securities combines them. To find out more about factors of production check out www. tt100. biz/land_securities 11 G Growth As organisations grow and develop they may change their type of ownership to suit their circumstances. A business owner may start as a sole trader. Funding may become a pressing problem as the business grows and the sole trader needs, say, to buy new equipment or to move to larger premises. In this case a sole trader may then decide to become a private limited company, which can raise additional money through a private share issue. A growing business needs capital, this might be raised through: †¢ issue of new shares (known as a ‘new issue’) †¢ retained profit †¢ overdraft †¢ bank loan †¢ hire purchase †¢ sale and leaseback. A growing business might ‘go public’ and raise funds through a public issue of shares on the stock market, (a market on which stocks and shares are sold) known as a new issue. It is a good way for businesses to raise funds and grow. Investors can then purchase these shares and become shareholders. Investors can put money into manufacturing companies e. g. Cadbury Schweppes. They can also invest in investment trusts. These are companies whose only purpose is to invest in other companies. 12 For more detail on growth log on to www. tt100. biz/aitc Higher grades H Higher grades can be achieved by using examples from the Case Studies. Examiners really like it when you can relate class work to real organisations; they give you extra marks! At www. tt100. biz you can find loads of Case Studies showing how wellknown organisations actually implement the theory that you study. It’s also very likely that you will come across Case Studies in your exams. You will be able to find practice exam papers and mark schemes to help you prepare for your exams on the website. If you can’t find what you want straight away, use the site navigation to get to exactly where you need to go. We have great Case Studies in a variety of formats to meet your own needs: †¢ full 2000 word versions as those in the binder †¢ summaries – 500 word versions †¢ Brief Cases – 500 word versions – with shorter sentences and less technical words. You’ll also find †¢ Interactive Quizzes Test knowledge with these fun, interactive quizzes covering the key topics at 14-16. Use them with the Case Studies or on their own as revision – it’s up to you. †¢ Text Book Theory Save yourself time by checking out the theory whilst you’re on the site. Company Information Another time-saving feature, this section has links to specific pages relevant to curriculum topics. †¢ Glossary Check out what business words and phrases mean by using our glossary of terms. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 13 I Insolvency Insolvency means a business cannot pay the bills/monies that it owes. Taking a risk means riskin g failure as well as success. A business may fail because it has not correctly assessed the risks it faces. Many businesses succeed but others fail, they become insolvent. This means they do not have enough assets (what they own) that they can turn into cash quickly enough to pay their pressing liabilities (what they owe). By law, the owners of small enterprises, including all sole traders and most partnerships, have unlimited liability for the debts of the business. This means that if the business is insolvent the owners may have to sell the things they own (including their homes) to meet the liabilities of the business. Exam Tip Liability appears frequently on most exam papers. There are plenty of examples and explanations on The Times 100 website. To read this Case Study and more on the Insolvency Service visit 14 www. tt100. biz/insolvency_service Job advertisement The Legal Services Commission (LSC) requires talented people and needs to communicate this in its recruitment advertisements. They provide compelling reasons why many talented people with an interest in the welfare of society look to work for the LSC in a range of roles. J Testing Times Where do you feel would be the best place for this advertisement to be located? Local shop Local newspaper National newspaper Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students To learn more on the Legal Services Commission go to ww. tt100. biz/legal_services 15 K Kellogg and the product life cycle The product life cycle is the stages that a product passes through from design and development to it being taken off the market. Initially the product will grow and flourish. However, as new competitors come into the market and as excitement about the product falls, then the product enters a n ew life cycle stage termed maturity. If the product is not handled carefully at this stage we may see saturation of the market and the onset of a decline in interest. Life Cycle Sales Maturity Decline Growth Introduction Time Testing Times At which point in the product life cycle is advertising and promotion likely to be largest? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students 16 For further explanation of the product life cycle go online to www. tt100. biz/kelloggs Logistics L Logistics is another name for distribution. This involves moving raw materials to manufacturers and finished products to shops. Wincanton plc specialises in designing, implementing and operating solutions to customers’ supply problems. It can also manage all aspects of delivery and storage of goods for other firms. This is known as ‘supply chain management’. The company’s activities include: †¢ moving bulk raw materials †¢ organising the movement of supplies to companies †¢ managing the movement of finished goods to customers †¢ managing warehouse facilities. Top Fact Distribution accounts for 20% (on average) of the final costs of goods to customers. For more details on logistics visit www. tt100. biz/wincanton 17 M Marketing mix Argos makes sure that it meets the needs of its customers. Marketing involves understanding who the customers are and what they want through internal data sources such as sales figures and through consumer research Marketing The right products In the right place At the right price With the right promotional activities Top Fact About 80% of Argos customers have already decided what they want to buy before visiting the store or website. Testing Times What methods can a company use to make sure it gets all these things right and reduces the risk of getting them wrong? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students 18 To find out more about the marketing mix check out www. tt100. biz/argos New product development N The process of bringing a new product to the market, normally based on research and development to meet the needs of customers. It is vital that large companies use their research and development capabilities to bring to the market new, alternative forms of fuel and energy, whilst at the same time modifying existing fuels derived from crude oil to make them more ecologically efficient in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Shell has pioneered the development of several new fuels e. g. hydrogen filling stations in Iceland, USA and The Netherlands. These fuel sources use water and renewable electricity to provide hydrogen to power cars. This hydrogen is free from carbon. Fuel cell engines running on hydrogen could make vehicle transport genuinely sustainable. Hydrogen can be made locally and water is the only direct emission. Carbon emissions can be zero if the hydrogen is produced by using renewable power to electrolyse water. Shell Hydrogen is building a commercial business to begin tapping this potential. To read this Case Study and more on Shell go to www. tt100. biz/shell 19 O Organisational functions Organisations arrange their employees into different departments and areas. Cummins’ main activities is manufacturing engines and generators. Its departments are: †¢ Manufacturing – Making engines to the highest possible quality and reducing waste and inefficiency. Roles within manufacturing include people working on the factory shop floor as machine operators and as technicians. †¢ Administration – Ensuring the smooth operation of the manufacturing process by offering appropriate administrative support. †¢ Engineering – Designing engines etc and developing the prototypes to their full potential. †¢ Sales and marketing – Discovering customers’ needs and wants. Finding and developing sales opportunities for the company’s products. †¢ Human resources – Recruiting, selecting and training staff to meet customers’ needs. Purchasing and Logistics – Ensuring that components arrive just-in-time (just before they are required for the next step in the process) and that finished goods are shipped around the world quickly and cost effectively. There are Case Studies about Cummins on the website. Log on and look at different areas of the business. 20 To find out more on organisation al functions visit www. tt100. biz/cummins Pre-issued Case Studies P Some exams have pre-issued Case Studies – ask your teacher whether there will be any in your exam. A good way to get a feel for a pre-issued Case Study is to carry a SWOT analysis. This should let you pick out the main elements and possible problems/solutions that the organisation is facing. Remember Strengths and Weaknesses are internal, Opportunities and Threats are external. You should be able to identify the main topics from the specification you are following. Make sure you fully understand these topics by logging on to www. tt100. biz and using the topic navigation to go directly to a Case Study which covers that area. This will make sure you fully understand the topic and, importantly, can apply it in an exam situation. You’ll find lots of practice exams with answers at www. t100. biz. Practise answering these papers which are written in the same style as your real papers. This is excellent preparation. STUDENT GUIDES Check out our student guides with hints on levels of response, preparing for exams, an A-Z of help including topic summaries, definitions and much more. INTERACTIVE QUIZZES Test your knowledge with our interactive quizzes, check your results and try again to get them all right! Access specifications and practice papers through www. tt100. biz/students 21 Q Quantitative & Qualitative market research Quantitative data is information that can be measured. Questions with yes/no answers – known as closed questions – are used. Qualitative data is all about people’s feelings and opinions. It is often obtained through ‘open’ questions (i. e. What do you like about it? ). 1. Quantitative research. This involves collecting information from an appropriate sample of shoppers to find out what their views are of Homebase and the customer service that it offers. An important source is a postal survey which Homebase conducts amongst a sample of Spend & Save loyalty card holders. This is done three times a year to gauge satisfaction with, and loyalty to, Homebase. The survey allows Homebase to monitor satisfaction over time and highlight any areas that may be causing customers problems. Homebase is then able to analyse the frequency of problems relating to specific areas such as customer service, layout of stores, product range and delivery service. 2. Qualitative research typically involves smaller scale research about values and views rather than hard facts. For example, qualitative research involves interviewing small groups of customers to find out what their views are of customer service at Homebase. Exam Tip Questions often refer to sources of data. Make sure you know a few such as: †¢ questionnaire †¢ interviews †¢ web polls †¢ government sources. Also make sure you know the difference between primary and secondary research. Primary research is carried out by the firm itself. Secondary research is data a company finds that has been done by someone else. To read this Case Study and more on Homebase go to 22 www. tt100. biz/homebase Recruitment R This is the process from where an organisation decides it has a position vacant and needs to employ someone, to the point where application forms are submitted for the vacancy. Selection is the next step. Audi provides a comprehensive recruitment service to all Audi Centres, which includes role profiles, pay advice, recruitment advertising, interview guidelines and assessment centres for selection. Audi provides job descriptions for all roles including Apprentice and Audi Technician, based on researching the activities that high quality employees will be expected to perform. Testing Times What is the difference between a Job Description and Personnel Specification? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students For more detail on recruitment log onto www. tt100. biz/audi 23 S Stakeholders A stakeholder is any individual or group that is affected in some way by a company’s activities. The following identifies some of the stakeholders in Cadbury Schweppes: Stakeholder grouping Interest in the company Shareholders Owners of shares in the company. These are Looking for sustainable, healthy dividend payments primarily large institutions but also include a large and a rising share price. number of individual shareholders. Consumers Millions of people worldwide who buy and/or Wanting to buy treats or refreshments that provide consume Cadbury Schweppes products. hem with quality,taste and value. They also want to enjoy their favourite brands as well as exciting new products. Employees People who work for the company, Cadbury Looking to the company to offer good terms and Schweppes has over 50,000 employees around the conditions of employment, a healthy and safe world. working environment and opportunities for personal and professional development. Society Organisations the company works with that have an interest in the communities in which the company operates, such as local governments, international agencies, non-governmental organisations and trade unions. Wanting the company to act responsibly and respect the communities in which it operates. For example, assisting and supporting communities, respecting the environment, trading ethically and respecting human rights. Testing Times Customers and suppliers are also groups of stakeholders. †¢ What do they do? What do they want? Write your answer down and check it at www. tt100. biz/students To read this Case Study and more on Cadbury Schweppes log on to 24 www. tt100. biz/cadbury Training T Training is the development of skills and knowledge to allow employees to carry out their roles more efficiently. McDonald’s training involves a number of stages. The first is at the Welcome Meetings. These set out the company’s standards and expectations. This is followed by a structured development programme that provides training in all areas of business. Crew trainers work shoulder-to-shoulder with trainees while they learn the operations skills necessary for running each of the 11 workstations in each restaurant, from the front counter to the grill area. All employees learn to operate stateof-the-art foodservice equipment, gaining knowledge of McDonald’s operational procedures. The majority of training is floor based, or ‘on-the-job’ training because people learn more and are more likely to retain information if they are able to practise as they learn. All new employees have an initial training period. Here they are shown the basics and allowed to develop their skills to a level where they are competent in each area within the restaurant. The timescale for this depends on their status i. e. full or part-time. They will also attend classroom-based training sessions where they will complete workbooks for quality, service and cleanliness. Testing Times Can you think of three different types of training? For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/mcdonalds 25 U Unseen Case Studies You are not expected to develop a great deal of data analysis due to the time constraints – look for general trends in data. Has it got better or worse? Place a + or a – sign to help you when you look back. Ensure you use the actual figures given and not vague descriptions such as ‘it’s bigger’. You will get more marks is you say ‘the data shows an increase of 10%’. Try to look for themes within the case. What styles of management or communication can you see? Try to link these to the theory you have been taught and the specification you are following. The Times 100 has created a number of practice examinations to help you prepare for your final exam. Log on and download a practice paper then check how you would have done by accessing the mark scheme online. You can access all specifications through the website using the search by exam instructions. 26 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students View V View all the latest Case Study and exam information at www. t100. biz. You can download all the Case Studies and view them in different sizes depending on what you want: †¢ full size †¢ summary †¢ Brief Case. Make sure you keep checking back on the site as it will be updated with new material to support your lessons in class and help you prepare for examinations. No matter what Business Studies course you are taking you will find all the information you need a t www. tt100. biz. All the information can be downloaded which lets you design and build up an excellent set of notes for yourself to help you revise key topic areas. Seeing how real businesses deal with the same topics you are covering in school or at home will develop your understanding and appreciation. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 27 W www. tt100. biz www. tt100. biz for all your business studies needs. Differentiated to suit all needs and abilities and available online. Case Studies are available at three levels: †¢ full 2000 word versions as those in the binder †¢ summaries – 500 word – versions †¢ Brief Cases – 500 word versions – with shorter sentences and less technical words. Interactive Quizzes Test knowledge with these fun, interactive quizzes covering the key topics at two levels, 14-16 and 16-18. Use them with the Case Studies or on their own as revision – it’s up to you. Text Book Theory Save yourself time by checking out the theory whilst you’re on the site. Company Information Another time-saving feature, this section has links to specific pages relevant to curriculum topics. Glossary Check out what business words and phrases means by using our glossary of terms. STUDENT GUIDES Check out our student guides with hints 8 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Xchange of ideas X Xchange ideas with your friends about topic areas. You’ll probably find that your friends are really good at some of the areas you have problems with and that you’ll be able to help them in areas they are not so good in. Test each other with quick fire definitions and glossary of terms, all of which can be found on the websit e. Examiners like to see students using the right terms to support their work, which means they hand out a lot of marks for these areas. Don’t miss out on picking up some easy marks. Why not challenge one of your friends to an online quiz? See who really does know the most about a particular topic, and if you don’t do so well, practice so that next time you’ll come out on top – both in the quiz and in class. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 29 Y You You need to ensure that you are fully prepared for your examination. Past papers are excellent practice. You can get most of them free from the examination board website – with answers. You can access these from the links on www. tt100. biz. Just reading theory and business books will help to a point, but seeing how it really works will stick in your memory much better. The Times 100 Case Studies are written and designed to help you see how theory works in the real business world. Start making your own revision guides up. Pick out the parts from the Case Studies which interest and stimulate you. Mind mapping topics is a really good way to remember key areas. Look at the following – you can develop this as far as you need to. A Case Study like Arcadia will help you. Autocratic Democratic Characteristics Management Styles Theory Paternalistic Type of organisation 30 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students ZZZZZZZZZzzzzzzzzz Z Make sure you get plenty of rest before your exams. This means don’t leave the revision too late and try and cram it all in the night before. Research shows that little and often means you learn and remember more. Make sure you plan your time. Draw up a revision timetable which also builds in time for when you are not studying. Exercise and fresh air are equally important and keep will your body in shape as The Times 100 will keep your mind in shape. Starting revision early will ensure you don’t put yourself under excessive pressure and will allow you to identify topic areas that you are weak on or find difficult to understand. By identifying and tackling them early on you won’t be worrying about them. Don’t forget you can always ask your teacher for advice and guidance. Remember simple things such as keeping yourself hydrated can make a massive difference. So drink plenty of water! www. tt100. biz For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 31 Something new for Edition 10 At the bottom of our web pages you will find a magnifying glass. Behind some of the magnifying glasses there is a hidden letter. Collect the letters and re-arrange them to spell a well-known business studies term. Once you have registered your answer on our competition page, you will be asked a simple question, connected to the term. This will ensure your entry into our competition prize draw, where one lucky winner will receive vouchers for the High Street store of their choice. Go to www. tt100. biz and start searching today. Good luck!

Working Effectively Within the Community Sector

-*-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ What you have to do Choose a Community Services organisation and research the current issues influencing service delivery by answering the questions below based on your research. The organisation should belong to one of the following sectors: ? Home and community care ? Disability services, or ? Aged care Tip: Refer to the Assessment Tips document on the OLS under Assessment Information (you will locate this next to where you downloaded this assignment) Please reference your work.Referencing guides are available on the OLS under Assessment Guidelines. Task A –The Community Services Industry (CSI) Questions Name a Community Service organisation that you wish to research. Brightwater is the organisation chosen for this assignment. Brightwater belong to the private sector providing a diverse range of services, including; community care for older people, both at- home and residential, respite care, rehabilitation services, mobility equipment, transitional care and care for people with disabilities from 18 to 65yrs.Additionally, Brightwater are a part of Brightwater group who also provides services to larger corporations including mining companies, with whom they offer cleaning, linen and catering services. The Target Group: a. Describe the characteristics of this sector’s target group (50 words). The target group will be the frail elderly who are living in residential care. Residential care is a service provided to people in need of supervision and care in a variety of areas including meals, mobility assistance, transport, support with everyday living, medication assistance and management, rehabilitation and social activities.Their ages range from 70 to over a hundred years old. Identify the current needs of this sector’s target group (50 words). Current needs include ongoing need to access and equity, correct staffing numbers with appropriate training inclusive of ongoing work improvement train ing and assessing. Keeping informed on current legislation and policy so as to apply for possible funding as well as take action aligned with policies thus enabling long term benifits. . Outline any changing needs of this target group (50 words). You are required to research changing needs of your target group with examples eg funding, staffing, meals, transport. d. Identify examples of how your selected organisation meets the current needs of the target group. What are the Roles and Functions of your Organisation? The roles and functions of Brightwater cover a complex array of tasks involved in caring for elderly residents.Caring for the elderly involves coordinating staff management, medication and nursing management, volunteer management, traineeships and education, food and meal preparation, continuous monitoring of residents nutritional needs and ability to feed themselves or help required, correct documentation procedures, assistance with mobility, promoting services in which improve quality of life, independence, health and wellbeing (Aged Care in Australia 2012). 5. Access and Equity: a. Describe what principles access and equity cover. 1.Tafe NWS, Aged Care In Australia states that access and equity are â€Å"important parts of a social justice strategy that attempts to help disadvantaged groups gain equal opportunities by devising special services to improve accessibility†. Subsequently, people have easier access to previously hard to obtain items, or, situations are made easier for them. Examples include, ramps into buildings or places and posters in languages other than English (Aged Care In Australia 2012) or a job advertisement will welcome disabled people, aboriginals or women to apply.Furthermore, access and equity principles rest on the foundation of all people being equal, no matter their nationality, religion, appearance, sex, sexual preference etc are equally entitled to accessing education, services, housing etc. b. Identify example s of how your selected organisation demonstrates access and equity. Brightwater has posters in languages other than English, promoting services such as the mobile library times and emergency fire procedures.Additionally, access ramps are available at all convenient locations. Furthermore, Brightwater adheres to standards set by legislation and their organisations procedures in relation to cultural awareness, sharing information, occupational health and safety 6. Improving Work Practices: A) Describe ways that an organisation can improve work practices. Improving work practices is often a requirement as a part of government funding processes (Aged Care in Australia 2012) and quality improvement is another term for this process.Quality improvement is an evaluative process undertaken with particular focus on accreditation or other general guidelines, to improve work performance along a range of criteria with the goal being to provide services of high standards, assess workers and proce dures against industry standards, and maintain principles of continuous improvement (Aged Care in Australia 2012). An organisation can improve work practices through evaluation; observation, statistical analysis, interviews, focus groups, surveys, report writing and questionaries can help with this process (CHCCS411a; Reader LO 10138).Examples include, organisations complying with legislation, regular staff meetings focussing on goals, outcomes and progress, continuous hazard checks, equipment checks, reporting and acting on ideas for improvement, complying with safety procedures etc. B) Identify examples of how your selected organisation strives to improve work practices. An example of Brightwaters improved practice strategies include, weekly case studies on residents.Staff are rostered each week to write and read their case study during the handover meeting at the end of shift and a discussion is then held focussing on progress and reassessment. Another opportunity for a. Name at least four legislative Acts that this service must adhere to for this particular service. 1. Aged care act (1997) 2. Anti-discrimination Act 1997 (NSW) 3. Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 (NSW) 4. Industrial Relations Act 1996 (NSW) Task B -Self-reflection Questions 7. Why is it important to reflect on your own work practices?It is important for workers to reflect on their own work practices in order to achieve their full potential. Reader LO 10139 (2009) states † all workers need to evaluate themselves and think about possible changes in their work performance if they want to be effective workers and stay enthusiastic about their work. Furthermore, to be an effective worker consists of cultivating a learning culture which includes; reflection, ongoing evaluation, openness to change, openness to diversity and continuous improvement. . Under the following headings, provide examples of ways that you could get feedback and monitor your own work performance. Formal methods: request formal feedback/ assessment/ performance appraisal from your supervisor or work colleagues (reader LO10139 2009). For example if there is a particularly challenging area the worker has been dealing with, then this might be a good area to request feedback on. Informal methods: request feedback on your work performance from work colleagues and/or supervisor. 9.Under the following headings, provide examples of various work practices from the Community Services Industry that you could reflect on. : all organisations have a range of skills an knowledge essential for staff to develop and maintain ( cert IV in disabilities: reader LO 10139 ). Knowledge: Through intellectually aquiring knowledge or through experience, knowing your organisations work policies and procedures is an important job requirement. For example, being able to recall the procedure for a fire drill.Skills: applying in the work place the work policies and procedures. For example, knowing that two people are requ ired when lifting an aged care resident or having first aid knowledge in case of an emergency are important skills to have. Attitudes: understanding how your personal attitude and values effects can impact on work will give you the opportunity to review and change outdated ideas. For example a person may believe Chinese are evil due to wartime stories and treat all Asians with a negative attitude.Then they may work with an Asian girl and realize this isn't true. Consequently a review on our attitudes can alert us to old ideas which may lead to a poor work performance. 10. From your responses to question 9: Identify and discuss an area where you would like professional development. First Aid is a skill I would like personally to have as its valued in the caring industry. Find a professional development opportunity which addresses this area that you would like professional 11. From your responses to question 10: development in. . Name the professional organisation that offers the prof essional development opportunity. â€Å"Training Course Experts† b. Title of the workshop/course or development that is offered. Senior First Aid Course c. Costs of the training. $130 d. Details of the workshop including the dates, location, hours, delivery method. Thursday 21st March 2013 Suite 5, 3 Aberdeen street, Northbridge WA 6003 8. 30am – 4. 30pm Delivery method includes external delivery of the theory and 1 day classroom practical.

THEORETICALLEGAL CREATION OF MYTHICAL COMPANY Research Paper

THEORETICALLEGAL CREATION OF MYTHICAL COMPANY - Research Paper Example This company will produce cars along with light weighed trucks that would ride on an average 135 miles with a gallon of fuel. This company has been well initiated through the government, the economy and the determination of the angel investors who aimed towards creating fleet of vehicles that satisfies the consumers’ demands and exhibits high level of performance and emits nearly zero level of carbon. The company will be based in North Carolina because it expects to utilize the employment and manufacturing capacity left behind by the emigration of the major companies producing furniture. It has been estimated that tax breaks will exceed $180,000,000 during the coming 30 years and East Coast utilization equivalent to the Silicon Valley will add value to the local economy. Due to the conversion of the current tax subsidy level of the US government to ethanol production at the rate of only 50% of the spending in the current budget, the first 1 million cars produced by the company would become feasible to be sold at such a cost that general public will accept. After enjoying the initial profitability generated by the low cost cars, the economies of scale and competitive market will allow the cost to come in line with the customers’ expectations. The present budget condition is the most appropriate one in order to take advantage of the ineffectual subsidies on ethanol. The present economic condition provides the best environment for an organization like Future Inc. The venture would produce an environment friendly, fuel-efficient product that offers comparatively lower cost of ownership than its substitutes in the automotive industry. 2. Lawsuits This portion of the report demonstrates the policies (basically, the ethical and the fair policies) that Future Inc will undertake with regards to the lawsuits in US. The company aims to conduct business for the sake of community’s benefits, be it local, national or international. Thus with regards to t he lawsuits, the following policies would be followed by the company: Policies The company aims to follow the policy towards increased security of energy. It will look after the proper maintenance and disbursement of the energies to be emitted during the process of manufacturing as well as during the process of dispatching the products. The company aims to deal with professionals experienced in the field of energy security so that complete security can be assured to the customers. The second policy that the company aims to follow is related to the reduction in costs of energy. It assures that the cost of fuel consumption by the natural gas vehicle that would be produced will be much lower than its substitute products or the cars run through petrol and diesel. The third important policy of the company is towards reduction in air pollution. The company proclaims that use of natural gas as fuel consumption will ensure comprehensive reduction in creation of pollution that harms communit y in several ways. The fourth policy that the company would follow is aimed towards reduced greenhouse emissions. Natural gas ensures near zero emission of carbon and it also ensures to create conducive environment to survive. The company will undertake its fifth important policy in the form of utilizing local resources as much as possible. Through the use of

Music Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music Trends - Essay Example I believe that sampling is a positive thing in modern music. Sampling has gained a negative connotation among some people who argue that it is merely plagiarizing other peoples’ work or creations. Instead, sampling constitutes a means of creating new and hybrid forms of art. When one considers all forms of innovation there is the recurrent theme of past material being remixed or reimagined into new forms. Sampling then allows musicians to take complete advantage of digital technology and implement past styles and songs in the creation of new forms of musical expression. In some situations musicians should be required to pay other musicians for the use of their material. I believe that have a regulatory environment that places a strong emphasis on copyright infringement is not in the best interest of society. When independent or small scale musicians run the risk of a fine or lawsuit for sampling another musician’s music, then the legal system is too restrictive. However , in situations when the musician sampling the music is already well-established and there is significant monetary gain that is achieved, then I believe the law should be active in instituting regulations.

BP Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BP Case - Essay Example As a result, he outsourced and collaborated with Burmah Oil Company. Together, the two companies made their first successful oil discovery in 1908. Numerous transformations and ownership details alterations followed this incidence. During this stage, the name was Anglo-Persian Company. The British government secured several shares, propelling the company’s progress (Kim and Marques 1). The British influenced the initial interest of the company. The primarily aim for searching and mining of oil was the need to fuel British aircrafts and vehicles in the world war I and probable future wars (Kim and Marques 2). Claims that the company neglected workers’ safety were common during the early stage in the company’s development. The manual workers and the surrounding communities experienced food shortage and health crises despite establishing the largest oil refinery in Iran, and becoming a superior fuel supplier to the Allied forces in Second World War. The infrastructu re remained a concern for the community, while the company, now referred as Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), played â€Å"a blind eye†. The failing national trust made the Iranian government to kick out the company. Following a coup, the AIOC returned and rebranded to British Petroleum (BP) (Kim and Marques 7) After its come back, the Middle East public still resented the company despite establishing environmental-friendly oil pipeline-network to several refineries. The pressure mounted until BP finally decided to take action. It rebranded the logo from British Petroleum to Beyond Petroleum and the management swore to explore other eco-friendly energy sources as a new measure of conserving the environment. However, the pledges of transformation did not reflect in the ensuing BP operations. A number of separate accidental disasters followed until the most recent disaster, Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico, 2010 (Kim and Marques 1-7). Communication process A strong internal comm unication system reassures the public and makes them confident ambassadors of the organization. The principles outlined below establish effective internal communication processes and systems according to the professional analysis. The surveys check on employee’s views, interests and opinions. The management will not establish system, rules and policies that will effectively enhance internal communication unless it understands its staff accordingly. Fulfilling promises The management should ensure that promises made to the staff are met in time. This reduces the risk of losing trust in the employees that ultimately leads to reduced regard for official or upstream communication. Celebrating success and communicating the brands’ value. Some employee performs their tasks devoid of motivation. These staff members do not believe in the organizations goals. Consequently, they may create a negative attitude in other staff members. Awarding members who perform exceptionally sho ws that the firm is focused. Communication diversification Diversification involves incorporating other communication channels and forms that differ from usual ones. For example, the management team may take tea with the subordinate staff to improve informal communication and interaction within organization. This process eventually promotes motivation and confidence among workers. Reassuring the staff Reassuring the staff especially when the media attacks the organization is vital.

Suggest some actual government policies that might be used in your Essay

Suggest some actual government policies that might be used in your country (name the country) to improve the investment climate. Explain your reasoning - Essay Example effect on the everyday decisions and behaviour of individual households and businesses – hence in this note we consider some of the microeconomic effects of fiscal policy before considering the links between fiscal policy and aggregate demand and key macroeconomic objectives.† (A2 Macroeconomics / international economy. n.d). The aim of developing the investment climates in buyer states has freshly increases to center phase in the World Bank Association’s approach to sustainable development and scarcity decline. Governments manipulate the superiority of their states investment atmosphere in the course of rules, institutions, and their associations by way of the private division. The quality of the investment atmosphere is connected to scarcity decline by the impact of superior investment atmospheres on private division action, and therefore on financial development and employment. â€Å"The quality of a country’s investment climate is determined by the risks and transaction costs of investing in and operating a business, which in turn are determined by the legal and regulatory framework, barriers to entry and exit, and conditions in markets for labor, finance, information, infrastructure services, and other productive inputs.† (Improving investment climates: An evaluation of World Ba nk group assistance, 2004). A financial plan is done to arrange a budget in which the finance needed for various expenses are allocated and arrangements for the receipt of revenue from possible sources are judged. While starting any kinds of the business broad combination of actions needs to be considered such as market forecasting, probability of the marketing facilities, promotions and calculated forecast. The service sector and it is highly dependent on the financial resources of the particular firm. The task of financial planning is dependent on various factors like the assessment of the business environment of the industry. Financial plan should be developed keeping in

Critical Review & Appraisal of one published Research Study Essay

Critical Review & Appraisal of one published Research Study - Essay Example Themes in the literature tend to lean toward identifying the consequences and causes of domestic violence (Johnson and Ferraro, 2000). Crime studies tend to demonstrate a bias in favour of women as the primary victims of domestic violence (Straus, 1999). The reality is however, that men are victims of domestic violence (Straus, 1999). In fact, the Home Affairs Committee (2009: 133) of the House of Commons commented that ‘men are the forgotten victims of domestic violence’. It is the reality that men are victims of domestic violence and the fact that the Home Affairs Committee acknowledged the neglect of male victims of domestic violence that prompted my interest in research on this subject. I selected a peer reviewed article by Dobash and Dobash (2004) because it provides empirical evidence of why much of the focus on domestic violence tends to be biased in favour of women as the primary victims. The research was based on a mixed methods approach involving 95 couples where both partners had reported violence against one another. This research is important to me because it helps me in my future career plans in social and community development by shedding light on the social construction of domestic violence as a problem primarily for women. The article selected is: Dobash, R.P. and Dobash, R. E. (2004). ‘Women’s violence to men in intimate relationships.’ British Journal of Criminology, 44: 324-349. In selecting the article by Dobash and Dobash (2004) I began by entering key terms in the search engine provided by several databases online. The databases selected were Jstor, Springer, Wiley, Google Scholar, Sage, Karger Open Access, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis Group, and Exlibris. I also conducted a general search of Google. The key words entered into the search engines were ‘domestic violence against men’, ‘domestic violence against men in the UK,’ ‘men as victims of domestic violence’ and ‘men as victims of domestic

Expression of Mentality through Materiality of Object (not decided Research Paper

Expression of Mentality through Materiality of Object (not decided yet) - Research Paper Example y to deny the mental aspects of men but try to consider and study their mental activities as a compound of physico-chemical causality and to express them in a more concrete and visual method. Therefore, the following discussion implements the research findings through the argued out philosophies, secondary, and primary data sources, and sole resolutions on establishing the relationship following various interviews with affected respondents (Przytycki, and UrbanÃŒ ski, 2010:46). Mainly, the discussion shall focus on the mental effects that deciphered through physical actions and emotional distress in human beings, by answering the following questions. The main resolution while tackling the issue of philosophy and the ideal relationship with human nature as forecasted in physiological characteristics. David majors his concerns on the coherent factors borne of the human behaviours that correlate with the mentality as forecasted in the individual deeds. Further, the philosopher argues out on the general nature of mentality that harbours man from cohabiting and exhibiting his feelings to the environment. Entirely, David acknowledges that the conflicting interest between mental and material variables is continuous thus; it is impossible to ascertain on any completion of the same or a probability that the variables shall halt, a phenomenon referred to as the wholeness and the implicate order (Harris, 2012:46). As a physicist, David Bohm, is among the most creative thinkers of the early 20th century and he is accredited of the Hologram theoretical approach in arguing out different ideologies surrounding human lives. The two psychologists experimented the extreme external factors such as an electroshock device and a prison to change a ‘normal’ persons character, and the reason presented me a more concrete and visible method of expression (Tyson, et al 2009:67). The efficient arrangements of various external factors, mostly emotional, influenced my experimentations with

Fatigue Essay Example for Free

Fatigue Essay This is a summary of Jane Brodys article, Fatigue. Fatigue is one of peoples most common complaints. Even though there is new technology that saves people from doing everything by hand people still complain about being tired. Brody stated that physicians reported people who tend to keep themselves busy with work tend to not be as fatigued. Tiredness mainly comes from not doing much rather than wearing yourself down. Overall, there are diverse reasons for people being tired. Being physically active seems to be the cure for fatigue. There are three kinds of fatigue. One is physical fatigue the second type is pathological fatigue and the third is psychological fatigue. These all have causes and cures for fatigue. Physical fatigue is caused by over working ones body. Another cause can be carbon dioxide and lactic acid that collects in the body which weakens the muscles. This prevents them from functioning effectively. Physicians recommend that rest is way to cure physical fatigue. Another type of fatigue is pathological fatigue. Pathological fatigue is a warning sign of a cold or disease such as cancer. After being ill or over worked one must give their body time to fully recover. A physical check-up is highly recommended to check if something is wrong with one self. Many times the cause for fatigue can be undetected or over looked. The third type of fatigue is psychological fatigue. Emotional problems like depression and anxiety are the cause of prolonged fatigue. Prolonged fatigue can cause ones denial of depression and the cause of it. Mainly when feelings arent expressed openly, the outcome is normally fatigue. One common fatigue syndrome is the Tired Housewife Syndrome in which young mothers stay home all day and have nothing to look forward to. The mothers soon develop resentment and envy towards their husband. The cure for this fatigue is professional counseling.

The Rain Man Essay Example for Free

The Rain Man Essay Of course I dont have my underwear. Im definitely not wearing my underwear. These are not boxer shorts. Mine are boxer shorts. These are Hanes 32 My boxer shorts have my name and it says RaymondI get my boxer shorts at K-Mart in Cincinnati. (Rain Man, 1988) This quote from the popular movie Rain Man perfectly captures the disorder that plagues Raymond Bobbitt, one of the main characters. He is a very particular man who must always do everything on a schedule; any disruption in this schedule completely turns his world upside down. He shows very little emotion, unless something happens to upset him, in which case he completely melts down. His behavior is almost that of a young child. However, he also has a very unique gift. He has an absolutely astounding memory and can recall the smallest details from events that occurred when he was just a young child. At one point in the movie, a lady drops a box of toothpicks and Raymond is able to immediately determine how many of the toothpicks spilled out of the box. The behaviors of Raymond Bobbitt, while very interesting, are nowhere near normal and they prevent him from functioning in any kind of normal society. It is because of this that I have determined he has a mental disorder and could benefit greatly from treatment. In order to diagnose Raymond, it is important to look at all of the factors that may contribute to his behavior. The DSM-IV multiaxial system is a great way to break everything down and do this. It has 5 sections that take a deeper look in to all of the factors that contribute to the possible mental disorder of a patient and provides a standard for classifying mental disorders. Because of this, it is heavily relied on when making an accurate diagnosis and will be used to diagnose Raymond. AXIS I: Axis one of the DSM-IV system is reserved for the clinical symptoms of the disorder. Raymond showed many of the typical clinical symptoms of a person with autism. The first symptom that they generally display is developmental regression. Most sufferers of autism do not show any signs of developmental problems until around 15-30 months. Since Raymond was a young child and not an infant when he was sent away to live at the care home, it can be assumed that he did not start to show problems until he was a young toddler, which is consistent with the autism diagnosis. Another clinical symptom of autism is abnormal reactions for environmental stimuli. This is clearly seen by Raymond when we see him completely melt down when the fire alarm goes off. The loud noise, which is not something that would bother normal people, is too much for him to handle. Abnormal social interactions are another thing that Raymond displays that is also characterized by autism. He cannot hold a normal conversation and has big problems understanding the social intentions of his brother as he takes him on their trip. It is also clear when you listen to the way that Raymond talks that he might suffer from autism; he refers to himself as â€Å"Raymond† instead of â€Å"I† and he often rambles on to no one in particular about his schedule or whatever else he is thinking at the time. The final characteristic of autism that is seen in Raymond is the stress that he feels whenever his routine is broken. (Brasic, 2013) When his brother takes him away from the care home and changes everything, Raymond displays significant anxiety. He insists that they watch Jeopardy at 5:00 and is constantly talking about what he should be doing at any given time. He starts to melt down when he is not doing what he normally does and continues on until his brother finally lets him get his way. AXIS II: Under axis II, the personality disorders and intellectual disabilities are assessed. There are several of these that are associated with both Raymond and Autism, specifically and autistic Savant. The biggest personality disorder that is shown by Raymond and that is also exhibited by autistics is that he has extreme anxiety. (Mayo Clinic, 2013) It is clear by the way that he will not get on an airplane because there are no available airlines that have never experienced a plane crash. A normal person would not think that much in to getting on a plane, and they definitely would not know the statistics of every airline that there is. Even after they start driving, Raymond starts rambling off statistics about driving and car accidents, making it clear that he is not even comfortable riding in a car. You can also look back at some of the other examples that we have already looked at to show his elevated anxiety levels. When the fire alarm goes off, and he starts breaking down, he is reacti ng abnormally (the symptom from axis I); it is because of his extreme anxiety that he starts to display this behavior. The same goes for why he is constantly rambling and is so distressed about missing his shows, not having dinner at the right time and everything else that has changed in his schedule; he does all of this because he is suffering from constant anxiety due to his autism and his change in routine. Another thing to look at under axis II is his intellectual abilities. While he is not able to function as a normal person intellectually (another symptom of autism), he shows extraordinary abilities intellectually in other areas. He remembers specific events from his childhood starting at a very young age, and he remembers them with extreme accuracy and detail. He is also able to store things in his memory that no normal person would be able to, such as when he knew the one and only airline that had never had a plane crash (it was a very small and unknown airline at that) or w hen he knew all of the highway statistics concerning car accidents. It is also made clear that he is brilliant at math, counting and patterns when he is in Vegas and is counting the cards with ease. All of these amazing intellectual abilities that he shows are characteristics of a savant as well. (Hiles, 2002) AXIS III: Axis III is reserved for and physical problems that may be relevant in diagnosing or treating the mental disorder. For example, if a person is suffering from a mood disorder and they also have a disease which causes them pain or discomfort, then that might be something that contributed to their depression. (Edelson, 2013) Raymond does not display any of these however, so there would be no diagnosis for him under this axis. Axis IV: Axis IV is used to assess any environmental stressors that may affect the diagnosis or treatment or the mental disorder. This was a big factor in Raymond’s diagnosis and his display of symptoms. He was doing fairly well at the care home and, even though he was still displaying some symptoms of an autistic savant, he was able to live happily and relatively stress free. However, when his brother took him from his place of comfort, his symptoms got significantly worse. His anxiety levels went through the roof and it was clear that he was not handling the change well. He had lost his primary support group, which included all of the nurses at the hospital and he was left only with his brother who he had not seen since they were young children. This caused him anxiety because he was not familiar with him and his brother was not prepared to deal with all of the behaviors that Raymond displays. He was also showing elevated levels of anxiety due to his environment. When they left the care home, it was clear that Raymond did not want to go because he said it and started acting out. But his brother made him, and his actions just got worse from there. Every night Raymond would insist that they at least follow his schedule and he would start throwing a tantrum if they didn’t. Also, when they were in the casino, he could not handle all of the flashing li ghts and the ringing of the bells. This eventually led to another melt down. After being with his brother for almost their whole trip, it seemed like Raymond started to warm up to him a bit. Since his brother was the only constant during their trip, this again shows how much Raymond needs something consistent and some sort of routine, a need that is very common in autistic. (Bellini, 2013) AXIS V: Axis V is used for the Global Assessment of Funtioning (GAF). It is an evaluation of the patient’s ability to function in daily life and is based off of a 100 point scale (100 being the most functioning and 0 being the least). When looking at Raymond, I would assign him two separate GAF scores. When he is in an comfortable environment, such as when he is living in the care home, I would give him a GAF of 40 because he still displays symptoms and would not be able to keep a job and function in society, but he is not extreme. However, when taken out of his environment and put out in the world, I would give him a GAF of 20 because he starts to display extreme behavior and even becomes a threat to himself or others. (PsyWeb, 2013) There was a point when one of his melt downs became so bad that he started banging his head and hurting himself. He is in need of constant supervision when he is not in a comfortable familiar place. After taking a look at the symptoms that Raymond displayed (which include things like not making eye contact and constantly fidgeting, not seeming to hear when people talk to him and not being able to hold a conversation, and resting touch and changes in routine) and breaking them down with regard to the DSM-IV multiaxial system, I have determined that he suffers from Autism, and more specifically, he is an Autistic Savant. He would be classified as a Savant because he, while lacking in many areas, does have extraordinary skills in other areas. There was a time in the movie when his brother takes him to Vegas and tells him to count cards in blackjack and Raymond (having to prior training) is able to do it with ease. His symptoms under the DSM-IV model are extremely consistent with those of an autistic savant. He displays all of the clinical symptoms (axis I) that an autistic would display, including abnormal social behavior, the inability to hold a normal conversation and the constan t fidgeting. These behaviors are also consistent with the autistic and savant personality disorders and mental abilities (axis II), including the extreme anxiety and the extraordinary abilities in specific areas. There are not necessarily any physical problems (axis III) that contribute to being an autistic savant, and Raymond did not show any of these either. His environment (axis IV) however, did play a significant role his behavior and that is very common with autistics as well. (First Signs, 2012) After diagnosing Raymond as an autistic savant, the most important treatment that I would recommend for him would be to return to the care home and live the rest of his life there. When treating autism, there is no one set treatment because every person with autism is unique. (Autism Speaks, 2013) Since we were able to see how Raymond responded to living in the care home and sticking to a strict routine, we were able to see that it worked for him. This plan, and the routine that was tailored for him, worked to minimize his symptoms and reduce his behavioral problems. As far as him being a savant as well, there really is no treatment needed for that because it does not pose a problem in his life. It is a talent that he lives with and not something that needs to be fixed. If Raymond is returned to the care home and his familiar schedule, there is no reason that he cannot live out the rest of his life as happily and comfortably as possible. References Autism Speaks. (2013). How is Autism Treated? Retrieved from: http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment Bellini, Scott. (2013). The Development of Social Anxiety in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved from: http://foa.sagepub.com/content/21/3/138.short Brasic, James. (2013). Autism Clinical Presentation. Retrieved from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912781-clinical Edelson, Steven. (2013). Research: Autistic Savants. Retrieved from: http://www.autism.com/index.php/understanding_savants First Signs. (2012). DSM-IV Criteria Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Retrieved from: http://www.firstsigns.org/screening/DSM4.htm Hiles, David. (2002). Savant Syndrome. Retrieved from: http://www.psy.dmu.ac.uk/drhiles/Savant%20Syndrome.htm Mayo Clinic. (2013). Autism. Retrieved from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/autism/DS00348/DSECTION=symptoms PsyWeb. (2013). Axis V- Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Retrieved from: http://www.psyweb.com/DSM_IV/jsp/Axis_V .jsp

Mechanical Strength of Mild Steel

Mechanical Strength of Mild Steel Introduction CE 2.1 One day on National Geographic channel I was watching a program in which they were experimenting with the finite element analysis software to observe structure and thermal load effects on the wing of Boeing 747s wing. Luckily, during the same time, in my 8th semester back in 2013 we were taught the introduction to Finite Element Methods by our professor, Dr. Ijaz Ahmed Chaudhary in University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. The curiosity in that subject laid the initial foundations of my interesting project named as Drop Test Calculations for Mild Steel where I worked as a Team Leader. This experience paved my way to two more leadership roles. Background CE 2.2 It was almost four years in UET Lahore. And being a student of engineering I almost had the fundamental knowledge of the field by that point. I wanted to use my theoretical knowledge in some practical way. I had already studied the mechanics of materials 1 and 2. And performed various experiments in lab to find out the material properties such as; ductility, malleability, brittleness and toughness. In 8th semester ANSYS was being used as external load analysis software in Finite Element Analysis course. I was assigned a project to select a topic and perform it in the lab and as well as analyze it using ANSYS. That was a good opportunity to gain practical experience and integrate the knowledge of Mechanics of Materials and Finite Element Analysis. Nature of Project: CE 2.3 This project included the calculation for drop testing of mild steel. In industry and real world different items and object face different kind of environmental conditions. Drop testing was used for shock loading effects. First of all, theoretical modeling was done for drop table to check either items can survive shock or not. Then commercial finite element software was used to investigate the response of drop table. Objective of the Project: CE 2.4 The objective of the report was to determine mechanical strength of mild steel. I had to use drop testing method then I investigated its behavior on finite element software. Nature of My Particular Work Area CE 2.5 In this project, I had to perform calculations for drop table by taking it as a fixed beam at both ends and applying a sinusoidal shock load of 100 gram. Then calculations were made to calculate the maximum binding stress produced in drop table. CE 2.6 Organizational Structure CE 2.7 Statement of Duties Being leader of the group my scope of duties included: To plan the project for timely completion. To make work packs to ensure health and safety. Conduct meeting with members and supervisor for mutual feedback. Theoretical calculation of drop test mechanism on mild steel. Report writing and technical presentation. Personal Engineering Activity CE 2.8 I started with literature review about drop testing and FEA on internet and library. Subsequent discussions with my professor led me up to kick off my calculations. The second step of course was to select certain parameters and their dimensions for drop testing. These parameters are given in the table below. The drop table material and the shock load value was assigned to us by our professor. I chose the dimensions of the table and mass of test item carefully. If the mass of the table is too less it wont be able to bear the shock itself let alone the test item. To make things more clear, test item is always on the top of table when shock is being applied on it. Now the next step was to calculate the weight of the table.Table thickness = d = 0.0125mTable length = l = 0.3mTable width = b = 0.3m Weight of the table =W1 = density * volume*gW1 = 86.75 NWeight of the test item = W2= 20KG = 196 NTotal Weight = W = W1+W2 = 282.75 N Moment of Inertia = I = 4.88 * 10-8 m-4 The rest of the calculations are shown belowTo calculate shock factor, F, I needed to calculate . Shock duration, , is 0.01 s and the natural time period, , is given as below: Where ,, is the static deflection and is calculated as follows: Where, W = Weight per unit length, N/m = E = Youngs modulus of Elasticity of Mild Steel = 210 x 109 N/m2 So, after substituting the values in the above equation Hence, As a result, CE 2.9 By using the graph below in Figure 1, we deduce that F factor comes out to be 1.2. Figure 1: Calculation of Factor F Moreover, some of the basic calculations are done below: Dynamic load is calculated as Pd = F * M * AA= Applied Shock = 100gM= Total Weight/gravitational force (g) Therefore , Pd = 33930 Newton Now, I have to calculate maximum bending stress Max Bending Stress =(Bending Moment * Distance from axis)/ Inertia Max Bending Stress = 48.88 MPa I verified the bending moment calculations as they were performed by my team mate and it is beyond the scope of this report to discuss it fully here. CE 2.9 According to the principle of mechanics, if the maximum bending stress produced by the applied load is less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material then the material can withstand the applied load without failure and vice versa. In this case, since the ultimate tensile strength of mild steel is 165 MPa which is greater than the maximum bending stress of 48.88 MPa produced by the applied load, drop table will easily sustain the 100 g shock loading. CE 2.10 Computational dynamics came into play in the form of FEA as I used ANSYS to simulate static deflection of the drop table subjected to 100 g shock loading. The load is applied on the top surface of drop table in form of pressure and both ends of the table are fixed by using fixed support. Material properties used for the drop table are shown in the figure 2 below. Figure 2: Material properties of the test piece CE 2.11 I still remember that there came a point where my team was very much stressed out because of the criticality of the extensive calculations involved. In fact, my team failed in couple of iterative processes and they wanted to give up on this project. I summoned a meeting where I emphasized on the fact that every failure is itself a step towards success. By omitting those factors which are causing us disappointment should be identified and removed. My team appreciated the gesture and went on to complete the project with more enthusiasm and that is when we finally got the 3D mesh of the work piece as shown below in figure 3: Figure 3: 3D meshing of the drop table The parameters for meshing details are show in figure 4 below. Figure 4: Meshing parameters obtained during FEA CE 2.11 After the meshing, the sinusoidal shock load of 100 g, shown in figure below, depicts that the maximum Von Mises stress produced in drop table amounts to be 50.23 MPa. Our theoretical calculated maximum stress comes out to be 48.88 MPa. Again, I can surely say that this stress is within the bearable load limits of the table load and hence wont fracture. The stress patterns are shown in figure 5 below. Figure 5: Static structural analysis of drop table CE 2.12 Mild steel is a very stiff material so a very high shock wave is generated when drop table hits the mild steel. On the other hand, due to its stiffness the duration of the shock is very low. In case of mild steel peak shock value calculated was 55.84 g when a drop table is dropped from a height of 330 m. Below figure 6 depicts this behavior in the form of a graph. Figure 6: Shock loading VS Time Graph CE 2.13 Von Mises stress contours produced when drop table strikes with mild steel attached sensors are shown in the figure below. Stress contours clearly shows that high stresses are produced in region where drop table makes contact with the object. Highest stress produced is 49.9 MPa as shown in figure 7. Figure7: Von Mises stress contours produced in case of mild steel programmers contact CE 2.14 As we had to use Lab with heavy machinery and metal pieces, I made sure that every used proper safety procedure such as wearing PPE. Toolbox talks and near miss discussions were conducted before every session. That was the reason project was completed without any accidents. Summary CE 2.15 The timely completion of this project boosted up my technical knowledge and had an ever lasting impact on my people and time management skills. Later on, during one of my internships I realized that my quality check department was facing a material failure issue. Keeping in view this project I performed the drop testing and deduced that the material wasnt strong enough to resist the stresses and buckled in extreme loading conditions. My study was well praised and they switched from Steel to Aluminum and since then have got fewer failures.

Essay --

The drinking age in America should be changed and it is because the tax revenue caused by the increased population of drinkers will be paying more taxes for the alcohol produced. The maturity of the adult population changes through the span of three years, but adults can drink in other countries while fighting for it. In the year of 1919 prohibition for alcohol was introduced into America. The tax revenue from alcohol would increase due to the population of people buying alcohol would increase. Between the age of eighteen and twenty, there is a no tolerance for alcohol law throughout America. In the state of North Carolina, along with other states, at the age of twenty-one and older the alcohol level is 0.08 percent. Many European and South American countries have lower drinking ages, such as Germany being sixteen. However, teenagers in Germany can only buy beer instead of liquor. Introducing minor alcoholic beverages to adults at the age of eighteen reduces the amount of negative ef fects of drinking too much alcohol. Australia‘s drinking age is eighteen; however, some citizens in their country disagree with the drinking have tried to increase the drinking age to twenty-one to follow America. Fifty percent of Australians are for increasing the age, but fifty percent are for the drinking age of eighteen. Increasing the drinking age in Australia would not keep eighteen year-olds from drinking. The law of drinking at a lower age also applies to the standards in America. Many adults in America at the age of eighteen have no drinking privileges, which affects the maturity and economy drastically. Alcohol can affect adults of various ages, but the legal age of drinking has a lack of adults paying due to the drinking law. Adults at the... ...ld increase because there would be more jobs and more rules for drinking at eighteen. Other countries such as Germany, Australia, and United Kingdom believe their youth is more mature, because their drinking age is lower. The youth in other countries, such as Germany, show more responsibility when drinking alcoholic beverages. Germany and the United Kingdom have an increased population of children drinking at a younger age, but introduce it to children safely. The population of drinking is more common in European countries which show that there are fewer alcoholics that affect society. Teenagers in other countries become a large part of society at the age of most children in America are becoming average drivers. However, the maturity of citizens in European countries varies depending on the drinking age. Many adults would mature faster and have more jobs and taxes.

Lead Systems Eng :: essays research papers

20th Century Genius I selected Carl Jung at the beginning of this course because I had done some general research on a few of the people that were on the list, which was supplied in our course module. When I came to Carl Jung I found that he was born in Switzerland just north of Geneva. At the time I was living in Geneva, and I felt it would be interesting to do research on someone who was from Switzerland. What I leaned about Carl Jung was fascinating, although there is so much more to lean about this individual and also his area of genius. Many of the concepts certainly would take more advanced study and research. However, I believe he is a good candidate for 20th century genius and he deserves that distinction. Carl Jung, pronounced (Carl Young), is an intellectual genius and his field of genius is in the science of psychology. The science or field of psychology is truly left to those with intellectual prowess, however, from what I have learned about this man, is that he is not only a participant of this field, but he also has shaped and made significant contribution to this, the science of psychology. I believe it takes a genius no less to study psychology, but even more so to shape and lead in this field. Psychology is such a difficult, complex and advanced study because the human mind, emotions and human behavior is so very complex. The word, †Complex† is interesting because it was Carl Jung who coined that term in a book he published titled, â€Å"Studies in word association†, but more on that later. Psychologists have little more than their intellect as tools to rely on. What is interesting about Carl Jung is that part of his life falls along the fringe of our studies over the past five weeks. For example, he was born in Switzerland and his father was a protestant priest. We also learned that Switzerland is where Calvinism really took hold. These things, the birth of Protestant and Calvinism began as a result of the Reformation, which we learned earlier in our studies. Also, one of his theories about the unconscious falls on the fringe of our recent studies in art. So, to study Carl Jung I felt really tied in nicely with our study of Humanities. First, a little background on Carl Jung.

Interaction Between Teenagers and Their Parents Essay

In my opinion, there is not enough interaction between teenagers and their parents these days. I think it is true because of career of their parent, modern technology, and distance between them. The first reason is the career of their parent. The parents always hope their children were life in the best condition and were taken care in the best services. So they try to earn more money in order to pay for the fee of education of their children. It make them word harder, and they lost the time for talking and playing with their children. Therefore, more and more children feel familiar with butler than their parents. The second reason is the distance between them. Their parent attempt to get promote in their work so they work more than another coworker. They make more money and their children have better teacher, life condition and the butler who take care the children replacing their parent. The children grow up in the butler hand so the children feel familiar with butler and sometimes think butler is more important than their parents. Finally, the modern technology is a big trouble made increasing the distance between them. Nowadays, there are many modern technology staff to children enjoy such as, the computer, PlayStation, and entertainments. The children have many friend online and they spend much time on internet with friend instead of helping their parent do housework or get actually experience from their parents. In short, interaction between teenagers and their children is less and less so the parents need care their children more and make them become a useful and responsible person. The children need to be grow up in loving.

Environmental policy Essay

â€Å"Environmental policy can’t be based solely on efficiency arguments. Issues of ethics are at least as important.† Discuss The above statement is true to a certain extent and in the course of this essay a balanced discussion will be presented in the hope that the outcomes will prove this to be true. To begin, the thoughts of some Russian intellectuals will be put forwards on the subject of Utilitarianism and why efficiency is self-destructive in the long run, thus supporting the statement â€Å"Environmental policy can’t be based solely on efficiency arguments.† To lead on from this there will be a dialogue as to the problems faced by old command and control (hence forth referred to as CAC) policies such as direct regulation and emissions fees from an efficiency and ethical viewpoint. Then, these methods of environmental policy and the ideas of Ronald Coase will be highlighted as an example of ethical influence in possible environmental policy as well as from an efficiency standpoint. Following this will be an outlining of the development of the U.S Tradable permits approach to air pollution control and the ethical influences therein. Taking the ethical issues point raised in the title statement one step further then leads onto the idea of ethical considerations. These have been based around an anthropocentric perspective, thus far and so at this point some views from an eco-centric stance will be considered. To do this, A. Leopold’s ‘The Land Ethic’ will be looked at. The rights of nature will be brought under the umbrella of Ethical issues and discussed from a policy perspective. What economists mean by â€Å"economic efficiency†, is that â€Å"in an ideal economic system, goods worth more than they cost to produce get produced, goods worth less than they cost to produce do not.† (D. Friedman. 2004) This holds firm throughout this discussion, along with the idea of efficiency as it is defined as both: â€Å"The production of the desired effects or results with minimum waste of time, effort or skill,† (dictionary.com 2004) and as â€Å"A measure of effectiveness; specifically, the useful work output divided by the energy input in any system† (dictionary.com 2004). In different aspects of environmental policy, these different definitions of efficiency hold true, though it is clear that they all have the same thing in mind when referring to efficiency. As it Stands, Utilitarianism (the theory of Jeremy Bentham) is an example of efficiency if it were to be applied to policy. Valdimir Odoevsky, â€Å"one of the most brilliant and influ ential representatives of progressive thought [in Russia]† (A. Frolova 1998) of his time, produced a development of the utilitarian theory of J. Bentham, which is illustrated in Alla Frolova’s article ‘Ecological reasoning: Ethical alternatives’. The utilitarian approach to life as put across by Odoevsky, who states that â€Å"utility is an essential driving force of all human actions,† (A. Frolova 1998) it is said to be the driving force for all laws, legislations, activities and morals. It is also suggested that under the notion of utilitarianism, utility should be allowed to take the place of all notions of so called consciousness, so called inborn feeling, all poetical dreams and fantasies. This is a very powerful tool for the representation of efficiency as the sole driver of any policy decisions, even environmental ones, however it is a valid viewpoint where ethics is not taken into consideration. Odoevsky talks of a civilization called Benthamia where under the concept of utility everything runs in a sustainable way. However it is when a new civilization is founded outside of Benthamia that the problems associated with a system void of ethics emerge. Through the use of political intrigues, deceit, and bribery, as well as organizing quarrels among any rival civilizations that emerge in order to weaken them for the benefit of Benthamia, the Benthamites extend their power. After they have sufficiently weakened a civilization to the point where that civilization is of no further use to Benthamia, the weakened civilization is taken into full possession either by the acquisition of it (at the cheapest efficient price) or by the use of force. All of these points are seen to be ethically wrong in today’s world where ethics is â€Å"A set of principles of right conduct† (A. Frolova 1998) and even when there is a call for utilization of â€Å"deserted islands† (A. Frolova 1998) rather than taking over the crushed neighbors of Benthamia, the suggestions are condemned and those who put them forwards are said to be â€Å"idle dreamers† (A. Frolova 1998). In Odoevsky’s vision of utilitarianism, Benthamia is torn apart from within due to different self interests associated with differing social situations throughout the growing civilization and as it is put by Odoevsky â€Å"One day glorious Benthamia ceased to exist.† (A. Frolova 1998) Odoevsky perceives nature as sensitive and responsive in regard to human morals and this representation of efficiency as the sole driver of decision making shows that ethics are important in every aspect of what we do. Less extreme examples of efficiency in environmental policy can be seen when looking at cases such as the policy relating to dealing with the inefficiencies associated with the production of steel. Classic approaches to the problem of the externalities of steel production include direct regulation by the government based on telling the steel industry how much they can pollute, as well as emission fees (called Pigouvian taxes). Emission fees are based around the concept of charging steel companies for the damage done by its pollution. The idea of direst regulation is seen to be an inefficient environmental policy whereas emission fees are said to produce an efficient amount of steel as well as an efficient amount of pollution control. In the real world however emission fees policy is not efficient as it is difficult to measure what the damage caused is as well as it being inefficient to spend time looking for the damage caused. These two policies are based around the idea of efficiency in the steel industry (as an example), though with the insight of R. Coase and the introduction of what many have dubbed â€Å"Coase Theorem† social cost can be associated with efficiency to create a better overall way of viewing the problem of externalities through the introduction of property rights. Rather than a system whereby the government defines the measures that need to be taken by industry or where it is left to the polluter to deal with the control methods as with the previously mentioned CAC policies, the idea of Coase’s theorem defines a policy where, â€Å"if transaction costs are zero – if, in other words, any agreement that is in the mutual benefit of the parties concerned gets made, then any initial definition of property rights leads to an efficient outcome† (D. Friedman. 2004) The way that his argument is put across in the article entitled ‘the Swedes get it right’ is based around the cost of abatement of pollution in a steel factory Vs. the cost of changing downwind land use from a resort to a timber forest. The article, written by D. Friedman, puts forwards a very efficient environmental policy whereby the distribution of property rights leads to the internalization of externalities and the most cost effective outcome on a social level. Under the notion of Coase theorem, if it is cheaper for the resort to pay the factory for the cost of pollution abatement rather than change his own land use then this should be done, producing a situation where everybody is happy and the overall conditions are more desirable. This efficiency based policy is seen to be an advancement of old efficiency based policy though there are still problems associated with it due to the fact that ethics are not considered. One of the largest problems noted by Coase is the idea of the â€Å"Public Good Problem† (D. Friedman. 2004). If there are many different people living downwind of a factory and they contribute to the abatement of the pollution, then if one person does not pay because doing so wont make a difference to whether the abatement is paid or not and the abatement does go through, then that person is seen to be a â€Å"free rider† (D. Friedman. 2004) getting abatement for free. This is why air pollution in Southern California still persists, as there are millions of people living in the area it is hard to get a situation where everyone pays for the abatement of pollution and it is not possible to re-locate this vast number of people. Coase argues that it is not the externalities that essential ly create the problem, but that it is the transaction costs. A policy approach to the environment that has taken ethical issues into consideration can be seen in the US formation of a tradable permit approach to air pollution control. In the discussion about the US system ethical consideration is defined in either of two contexts: â€Å"(1) when the decisions seem to reflect altruistic concerns which transcend self-interest and (2) when the decisions seem to provide special treatment to ‘rights’ which seem to have a special moral justification† (T. Tietenberg. 1998). The emissions trading program is set out as a straight forwards, flexible market based policy where the trading of permits is allowed and efficiency is increased due to the self interests of the participating industries. Through the acquisition of an â€Å"emission reduction credit (ERC)† (T. Tietenberg. 1998) this trading can take place and to acquire this ERC a company must lower its emissions to a point below the required level put forwards by the Cle an air act. Further efficiency is established by the way that the ERC system allows new firms to come into the market, thus, â€Å"by introducing the offset policy EPA [the Environmental protection agency] allowed economic growth to continue whilst insuring progress toward attainment.† (T. Tietenberg. 1998) The efficiency of the tradable permits system can be seen by analysis, which concluded that â€Å"the proposed 0.01 g per leaded gallon (gplg) standard would result in $36 billion ($1983) in benefits (from reduced adverse health effects) at an estimated cost to refining industry of $2.6 billion.† (T. Tietenberg. 1998) As well as being implemented at a national level. Tradable permit systems have also been applied at a regional scale, with air pollution in California being an example of this. RECLAIM (Regional Clean Air Incentives Market) shifts the burden of identifying the appropriate control strategies from the control authorities to the polluter (a point that made direct regulation an inefficient policy based solution, as previously mentioned), and thus the system again proves to be effective due to the fact that now, pollution prevention is given an economic underpinning. Along with these examples off efficiency, the tradable permits system, when compared to emissions char ges and emission standards comes out as a far more effective environmental policy. Ethics can be observed in the Tradable permits approach however, and evidence seen in the paper ‘Ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach to air control’ suggests that ethical considerations have played a role in shaping the environmental objective, the choice of instruments, the definition of the tradable commodity, the treatment of shutdown credits, the relationship to traditional regulation and the rules governing permit trades. Thus it is the opinion of the author T. Tietenberg, that ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach have been â€Å"blended with pragmatic and political concerns to forge a compromise approach† (T. Tietenberg. 1998). This means that even if ethical issues are considered they do not hold as much weight as efficiency arguments and result in efficiency bias compromises. This can be seen in the case of shut down credits. Among the various ways of creating credits this has been the most controversial point. It is controversial, ethically, because the economic incentive should be targeted at positive actions to reduce pollution through the investment of new control equipment and not through shut-down (which is where a factory is shut down to create a large number of tradable ERC’s). As a result the compromise has produced a situation whereby â€Å"all shut-down credits either revert to the control authority or they could be freely transferred to buyers† (T. Tietenberg. 1998). This is a result that doesn’t stop the process of shut-downs (as would be ethically acceptable) but allows the process to continue but with efficient outcomes rather than hoarding of ERC’s. The ethical issues that have been represented in the case study of Tradable permits in the US have been examples of human-centric ethics focusing on welfare. Some environmentalists, such as A. Leopold focus more on eco-centric ethics and present an argument that through social evolution the land itself should be considered as a member of the community which is taken into account in environmental policy. Leopold, in his article, ‘The Land Ethic’ explains his concept and the problems associated with achieving this goal. It is said to be the case that our educational and economic system is heading away from, rather than towards â€Å"an intense consciousness of land† (A. Leopold. 1949) . Leopold shows through the use of specific examples how there are essentially two different types of conversationalists, as Leopold puts it there are the â€Å"economic value grabbers† (A. Leopold. 1949) and those that see â€Å"land as biota† (A. Leopold. 1949) and worr y about the secondary functions of things such as forests. Leopold gives a good illustration of this through the use of sport and meat. Group A, the economic value grabbers, when presented with the idea, will think efficiently about the subject, being satisfied with the thought that these are things that ‘come from’ nature. Group B however, worries about biotic side issues, for example the cost in predators of producing a game crop. Whereas the ideas associated with Coase’s theorem are related to the health issues and other things that affect humans living downwind of the factory, it is the conclusion of Leopold that, â€Å"A land ethic, then, reflects the existence of an ecological conscience, and this in turn reflects a conviction of individual responsibility for the health of the land† (A. Leopold. 1949). This view holds that the land is to be conserved or protected as some sustainability policies are currently leading towards. It is the opinion of Leopold that sustainability policy should be based around ideas of eco-centric ethics rather than being based around the idea that it is a ne cessity to promote sustainable policies from a human centric point of view. To conclude it can be said that efficiency is still the main focus of environmental policy making however over time the emergence of ethics in policy has emerged, though ethical issues are not considered to be at least as important as efficiency arguments. It has been said that â€Å"without some kind of ethic (a theory of right and responsibility) and some kind of axiology (or value theory) we lack guidance and direction for tackling problems, whether global, environmental, or otherwise† (R. Attfield. 1999). The discussion in this essay has led towards an outcome that supports the statement to a certain degree. It has been shown through the use of the utilitarian argument and some CAC policy methods that efficiency is not the only thing that has to be considered in environmental policy making, and the US case-study supports the notion that a certain amount of ethics has to be involved. But the nature of the ethics that is applied is essentially Human-centric and to consider ethical issues in environmental policy to be as important as efficiency the idea of a land ethic is an important one. As Leopold says himself the idea of a land ethic is not yet public opinion and in fact is only being kept alive by a minority who has revolted against modern trends of efficiency and human-centric ethics. Ethical issues are not as important as efficiency arguments in environmental policy though if the land ethic were to become a popular opinion through re-education and a shift in social thinking then there is a hope that in time the statement will be completely justified. References A. Leopold (1949) The Land Ethic. In: A Second County Almanac. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Alla Frolova (1998) Ecological reasoning: Ethical alternatives. Ecological Economics, 24. p.169-182. Dictionary.com (2004) http://dictionary.reference.com/ David Friedman The Swedes get it right. http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/The_Swedes.html (2004) Robin Attfield (1983) The Ethics of Environmental Concern. Basil Blackwell. Oxford. Robin Attfield (1998) Existence value and intrinsic value. Ecological Economics, 24. p. 163-168 Robin Attfield (1999) The Ethics of the Global Environment. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. Robert Elliot (1995) Environmental Ethics. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Tom Tietenberg (1998) Ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach to air pollution control. Ecological Economics, 24. p. 241-257. Student no. 00020854702E